Partition and adsorption of organic contaminants in environmental systems /
| Autor principal: | |
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| Formato: | Libro |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Hoboken, New Jersey :
Wiley-Interscience,
2002.
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| Materias: |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- 1 Important Thermodynamic Properties
- 1.1 Introduction 1
- 1.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 2
- 1.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 3
- 1.4 Extensive and Intensive Properties 6
- 1.5 Chemical Potential 6
- 1.6 Chemical Potentials in Multiple Phases 7
- 1.7 Change in Chemical Potential with Pressure 8
- 1.8 Activity of a Substance: 9
- 1.9 Vapor-Liquid and Vapor-Solid Equilibria 10
- 2 Fundamentals of the Solution Theory
- 2.1 Introduction 14
- 2.2 Raoult's Law 14
- 2.3 Henry's Law 18
- 2.4 Flory-Huggins Theory 19
- 2.5 Variation of Activity Coefficient with Concentration 21
- 2.6 Molar Heat of Solution 22
- 2.7 Cohesive Energy Density and Solubility Parameter 27
- 3 Interphase Partition Equations
- 3.1 Partition between Two Separate Phases 30
- 3.2 Partition between an Organic Solvent and Water 31
- 3.3 Partition between a Macramolecular Phase and Water 32
- 3.4 Temperature Dependence of Partition Coefficient 33
- 3.5 Concentration Dependence of Partition Coefficient 36
- 4 Fundamentals of the Adsorption Theory
- 4.1 Introduction 39
- 4.2 Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm 41
- 4.3 Freundlich Equation 43
- 4.4 BET Multilayer Adsorption Theory 43
- 4.5 Polanyi Adsorption Potential Theory 45
- 4.6 Surface Areas of Solids 48
- 4.7 Sosteric Heat of Adsorption 50
- 5 Contaminant Partition and Bioconcentration
- 5.1 Introduction 53
- 5.2 Octanol-Water Systems 54
- 5.3 Heptane-Water Systems 59
- 5.4 Butanol-Water Systems 62
- 5.5 Substituent Contributions to Partition Coefficients 63
- 5.6 Lipid-Water Systems 68
- 5.6.1 Solubility of Solutes in Lipids 68
- 5.6.2 Lipid-Water Partition Coefficient 72
- 5.7 Correlations of Partition Coefficients 77
- 5.8 Bioconcentration of Organic Contaminants 80
- 6 Adsorption of Vapors on Minerals and Other Solids
- 6.1 Introduction 86
- 6.2 Nitrogen Isotherm and Solid Surface Area 86
- 6.3 Micropore Volume 90
- 6.4 Imnproper Surface-Area Measurement 92
- 6.5 Adsorption of Water and Organic Vapors 100
- 7 Contaminant Sorption to Soils and Natural Solids
- 7.1 Introduction 106
- 7.2 Background in Sorption Studies 107
- 7.2.1 Influences of Mineral Matter, Organic Matter, and Water 107
- 7.2.2 Soils as a Dual Sorbent for Organic Compounds 109
- 7.3 Sorption from Water Solution 112
- 7.3.1 General Equilibrium Characteristics 112
- 7.3.2 Effect of Soil Organic Matter versus Sediment Organic Matter 124
- 7.3.3 Effect of Contaminant Water Solubility 133
- 7.3.4 Behavior of PAHs versus Other Nonpolar Contaminants 138
- 7.3.5 Estimation of Sorption Coefficients for Nonpolar Contaminants 145
- 7.3.6 Sorption to Previouy Contaminated Soils 146
- 7.3.7 Deviations from Linear Sorption Isotherms 149
- 7.3.8 Influence of Dissolv and Suspended Natural Organic Matter 18
- 7.3.9 Influence of Surfactants and Microemulsions 178
- 7.4 Sorption from Organic Solvents 192
- 7.4.1 Effect of Solvent Polarity 192
- 7.4.2 Effects of Temperature, Moisture, and Contaminant Polarity 195
- 7.5 Sorption from Vapor Phase 200
- 7.5.1 General Aspects of Vapor Sorption 200
- 7.5.2 Influence of Moisture on Vapor Sorptiom 203
- 7.6 Influence of Sorption on Contaminant Activity 210
- 8 Contaminant Uptake by Plants from Soil and Water
- 8.1 Introduction 214
- 8.2 Background in Plant-Uptake Studies 215
- 8.3 Theoretical Considerations 216
- 8.4 Uptake by Small Plant Roots from Water 220
- 8.5 Uptake by Plant Seedlings from Soil 223
- 8.6 Uptake by Root Crops from Different Soils 226
- 8.7 Effect of Plant Composition 228
- 8.8 Contaminant Levels in Aquatic Plants and Sediments 229
- 8.9 Time Dependence of Contaminants in Plants 231.